References and Bibliography

References

 

Chapter 1

 

1.      A Map for the Future: Fundamental Limit Defines Future Opportunities for Silicon Nanoelectronics, Excerpt from Global TechnoScan, Internet address: www.bizspaceelectronics.com/silicon.htm

2.      About Jack.  Texas Instruments, Internet address: www.ti.com/corp/docs/kilbyctr/ jackstclair.shtml, and www.ti.com/corp/docs/kilbyctr /jackbuilt.shtml, 2001

3.      Adleman, L.  Molecular Computation of Solutions to Combinatorial Problems. Science, Vol. 266, 11 November 1994, Pp. 1021-1023

4.      Atkinson, R. D., Court, R. H.  Microchips Are Everywhere.  PPI Technology Project, Section 1, p. 11, 1999, Internet address: www.neweconomyindex.org/section1_page11.html

5.      Austrian, G.  Herman Hollerith: Forgotten Giant of Information Processing.  NY: Columbia University Press, 1982

6.      Device and Flow Technology/CMOS Technology.  Texas Instruments, 1998, Internet address: www.it.com/research/docs/deviflow.htm

7.      Gray, G.  The UNIVAC III Computer.  Unisys History Newsletter.  Vol. 2, No. 1, September 1993

8.      Gustafson, J.  An FPS Forerunner: The Atanasoff-Berry Computer.  July 16, 2002, Internet address: http://www.scl.ameslab.gov

9.      Hapgood, F.  Explanation of Molecular Computing with DNA.  April 1995, Internet address: www.mitre.org/research/nanotech/hapgood_on_dna.html

10.  Hyman, A.  Charles Babbage: Pioneer of the Computer.  Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, December 1982

11.  LaMonte, C., Lilly, J.  Computers:  History and Development.  Jones Telecommunications and Multimedia Encyclopedia, 1999, Internet address:  http://www.lrgtalcentury.conf.encyclo/update/comp_hd.html

12.  McCartney, S.  ENIAC: The Triumphs and Tragedies of the World's First Computer.  NY: Walker and Company, 1999

13.  Montemerlo, M. S.  Overview of Conventional Microelectronics: Designs, Operating Principles, and Limits to Scalability.  MITRE, McClean, VA, Interned address: www.mitre.org/research/nanotech/conventional2state.html

14.  Turing, A.  On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem. Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, Vol. 42, 1936, Pp. 230-265

15.  Von Neumann, J.  First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC.  Moore School of Electrical Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, June 30, 1945

16.  Weik, M.  The ENIAC Story.  Ordnance Ballistic Research Laboratories, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, 1961

17.  Avouris, P., Collins, P., Arnold, M.  Engineering Carbon Nanotubes and Nanotube Circuits Using Electrical Breakdown.  Science, Vol 292, Issue 5517, April 27, 2001

18.  Busting Moore's Law. MITRE, McClean, VA, 1998, Internet address: www.mitre.org/technology/nanotech/GOMAC98 article.html

19.  Chen, J., Reed, M. A., Rawlett, A. M., Tour, J. M. Large On-Off Ratios and Negative Differential Resistance in a Molecular Electronic Device. Science, Vol. 286, November 19, 1999, Internet address: www.sciencemag.org

20.  Chip Evolution: IBM Scientists Develop Breakthrough Transistor Technology with Carbon Nanotubes.  IBM Research News, Yorktown Heights, NY, April 27, 2001, Internet address: www.research.ibm.com/resources/news/20010425_Carbon_Nanotubes.shtml

21.  Dagani, R.  Taking Baby Steps to 'Moletronics'.  Science and Technology, Vol. 78, No 1, January 3, 2000

22.  Ellenbogen, J. C.  A Brief Overview of Nanoelectronic Devices.  1998 Government Microelectronics Applications Conference (GOMAC98), Arlington, VA, 13-16 March 1998

23.  Ellenbogen, J., Love, J.  Architecture for Molecular Electronic Computers: 1. Logic Structures and an Adder Built From Molecular Electronic Diodes. The MITRE Corporation, McLean, VA, MP98W0000183, July 1999

24.  Feynman, R.  There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom.  Engineering and Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, February 1960

25.  Metzger, R., et al. Unimolecular Electrical Rectification in Hexadecylquinolinium Tricyanoquinodimethanide. Journal of American Chemical Society, Vol. 119, 1997, Pp. 10455-10466

26.  Moravex, H.  When Will Computer Hardware Match the Human Brain?. Journal of Transhumanism, Vol. 1, 1998

27.  Nanotechnology Research Directions: IWGN Workshop Report, Vision for Nanotechnology R&D in the Next Decade.  National Science and Technology Council, Committee on Technology, Interagency Working Group on Nanoscience, Engineering and Technology (IWGN), September 1999

28.  Reed, M. Molecular-Scale Electronics. Proceedings of IEEE, Vol. 87, 1999, Pp. 652-658

29.  Tans, S., Verschueren, A., Dekker, C.  Single Nanotube-Molecule Transistor at Room Temperature.  Nature, Vol. 393, 1998, Pp. 49-51

30.  Tour, J., Kozaki, M., Seminario, J. Molecular Scale Electronics: A Synthetic/ Computational Approach to Digital Computing. Journal of American Chemical Society, Vol. 120, 1998, Pp. 8486-8493

31.  Tour, J., Wu, R., Schumm, J. Extended Orthogonally Fused Conducting Oligomers For Molecular Electronic Devices. Journal of American Chemical Society, Vol. 113, 1991, Pp. 7064-7066

32.  Yao, et al. Carbon Nanotube Intramolecular  Junctions, Nature, Vol. 402, 1999, p 273

33.  Zhou, C., Deshpande, M., Reed, M., Tour, J. Nanoscale Metal/Self-Assembled Monolayer/Metal Heterostructures. Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 71, 1997, p. 611-613

34.  Bar-Yam, Y.  Concepts in Complex Systems.  NECSI, 2000, Internet address: http://necsi.org/guide/concepts/emergence.html

35.  Coveney, P., Highfield, R.  Frontiers of Complexity:  The Search for Order in a Chaotic World.  Portland, OR:  Book News, Inc., February 1, 1996

36.  Hoffmann, A. G.  Complexity Bounds of Emerging Structures in Self-Organizing Networks.  University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia, Proceedings of 1993 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, Pp. 425-478, 1993

37.  Holland, J. “Emergence: From Chaos to Order.  Cambridge, MA: Perseus Books, 1998, p 82

38.  Hopfield, J.  Neural Networks and Physical Systems with Emergent Computational Abilities.  Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 79, 1982, Pp. 2554-2558

39.  Jensen, H.  Self-Organized Criticality, Emergent Complex Behavior in Physical and Biological Systems.  Cambridge, UK:  Cambridge University Press, 1998

40.  Jensen, H.  Self-Organized Criticality: Emergent Complex Behavior in Physical and Biological Systems.  NY: Cambridge University Press, 1998

41.  Kauffman, S.  At Home in the Universe:  The Search for Laws of Self-Organization and Complexity.  Oxford, UK:  Oxford University Press, November 1996

42.  Kirshbaum, D.  Introduction to Complex Systems.  Calresco's Introduction to Complex Systems, 1999, Internet address: www.calresco.org/intro.htm

43.  Koch, C. and  Laurent, G.  Complexity and the Nervous System.  Science, Vol. 284, April 1999, Internet address: www.sciencemag.org

44.  Kuffler, S., Nicholls, J., Martin, A.  From Neutron to Brain.  Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Publishers, Second Edition, 1984

45.  Lucas, C.  Quantifying Complexity Theory.  March 2000, Internet address:  www.calresco.org/lucas/quantify.htm

46.  Lucas, C.  The Philosophy of Complexity.  April 2001, Internet address: www.calresco.org/lucas/philos.htm

47.  Lucas, C. The Philosophy of Complexity.  April 2001, Internet address:  www.calresco.org/lucas/philos.htm

48.  Mikulecky, D. C.  Complexity and Emergence.  Medical College of Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, Internet address: http:/views.vcu.edu/~mikuleck/EMERG.html

49.  Morris, R.  Artificial Worlds: Computers, Complexity, and the Riddle of Life.  NY: Plenum Trade, 1999

50.  Nicolis, G., Pregogine, I. Exploring Complexity - An Introduction. NY: W. H. Freeman and Company, 1989

51.  Taylor, J. G.  Neural Networks for Consciousness.  Neural Networks, Vol. 10, No. 7, UK: Elsevier Science Ltd., 1997, Pp. 1207-1225

52.  Tononi, G., Edelman, G., Sporns, O.  Complexity and Coherency:  Integrating Information in the Brain.   Trends in Cognitive Science, Vol 2, No. 12, Dec 1998, Pp. 474-484

53.  Tononi, G., Sporns, O., Edelman, G.  A Measure for Brain Complexity: Relating Functional Segregation and Integration in the Nervous System.  Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, Vol. 91, May 1994, Pp. 5033-5037

54.  Waldrop, M.  Complexity:  the Emerging Science at the Edge of Ordered Chaos.  Carmichael, CA:  Touchstone Books, January 15, 1992

55.  Waldrop, M.  Complexity: The Emerging Science at the Edge of Order and Chaos.  NY: Simon and Schuster, 1992

56.  Aleksander, I. (editor), Taylor, J. (editor). Artificial Neural Networks, 2 Volume 1. Brighton, UK, September 1992

57.  Anderson, J.  A Simple Neural Network Generating an Interactive Memory.  Mathematical Biosciences, Vol. 14, 1972, Pp. 197-220

58.  Bishop, C.  Neural Networks for Pattern Recognition.  London: Oxford University Press, June 1997

59.  Blais, A., Mertz, D.  An Introduction to Neural Networks.  Gnosis Software, Inc., July 2001, Internet address: http://www-106.ibm.com

60.  DeClaris, J. W., Roberts, J.  An Introduction To Neural Networks.  Boston, MIT Press, 1995, Internet address: www.ee.umd.edu/medlab/neural/nn1.html

61.  Haykin, S.  Neural Networks: A Comprehensive Foundation.  NY:  Macmillan College Publishing Co., January 1994

62.  Haykin, S. “Neural Networks: A Comprehensive Foundation.  NY:  Macmillan College Publishing Co., January 1994

63.  Klerfors, D.  Artificial Neural Networks.  Saint Louis University, St. Louis, IL, Nov 1998

64.  Lucas, C.  Neural Networks - Artificial Brains.  April 2000 Internet address: www.calresco.org/neural.htm

65.  McCulloch, W., Pitts, W. A Logical Calculus of the Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity. Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics, Vol. 5, 1943, Pp. 113-115

66.  Minsky, M., Papert, S.  Perceptrons, an introduction to Computational Geometry. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1969

67.  Moody, J., Darkin, C.  Fast Learning in Networks of Locally-Tuned Processing Units.  Neural Computation, Vol. 1, 1989, Pp. 281-294

68.  Neural Networks, Introducing Neural Networks.  Neusciences, March 2001, Internet address: www.neusciences.com/Technologies/nn_intro.htm

69.  Neural Networks, Modes of Operation of Neural Networks.  Neusciences, March 2001, Internet address: www.neusciences.com/Technologies/nn_modes.htm

70.  Robson, B.  Pseudoproteins: Non-Protein Protein-like Machines.  Foresight Institute, 1998, Internet address: www.foresight.org/Conferences/MNT6/Abstracts/Robson

71.  Rosenblatt, F.  On the Convergence of Reinforcement Procedures in Simple Perceptrons.  Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory Report, VG-1196-G-4, Buffalo, NY, Feb 1960

72.  Rosenblatt, F.  Principles of Neurodynamics: Perceptrons and the Theory of Brain Mechanisms.  Washington, D.C.: Spartan Books, 1962

73.  Stergiou, C.  Neural Networks, the Human Brain and Learning.  Internet address: www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~nd/surprise_96/journal/vol2/cs11/article2.html

74.  Adleman, L., Cheng, Q., Goel, A., Huang, M. D., Kempe, D., de Espanes, P. M., Rothemund, P. W.  Combinatorial Optimization Problems in Self-Assembly.  Quebec, Canada, May 2002

75.  Ayres, R.  Information, Entropy, and Progress, A New Evolving Paradigm.  NY: AIP Press, 1994, Pp. 225-247

76.  Bumm, L., Arnold, J., Cygan, M., Dunbar, T., Burgin, T., Jones II, L., Allara, D., Tour, J., Weiss, P.  Are Single Molecular Wires Conducting? Science, Vol. 271, 1996, Pp. 1705-1707

77.  Corn, R. M., Smith, L. M., Hamers, R. J., Condon, A. E., Crooks, R. M., Simanek, E. E. Programmable Self Assembly of DNA-Dendrimer and DNA-Fullerene Nanostructures. Internet address: www.corninfo.chem.wisc.edu/writings/DNAdendrimers.html

78.  Dai, H., Wong, E., Lieber, C.  Probing Electrical Transport in Nanomaterials: Conductivity of Individual Carbon Nanotubes.  Science, Vol. 272, 1996, Pp. 523-526

79.  Ellenbogen, J. C.  A Functioning Molecular Wire.  MITRE, McClean, VA, April 1996, Internet address: www.mitre.org/research/nanotech/molecular_wire.html

80.  Hogg, T.  Robust Self-Assembly Using Highly Designable Structures.  Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, Palo Alto, CA, 9 Nov 1998, Internet address: http://ww.parc.xerox.com/hogg

81.  Kamins, T. I., Williams, R. S.  Trends in Nanotechnology: Self-Assembly and Defect Tolerance.  Hewlett-Packard Laboratories, Palo Alto, CA, January 2001

82.  Kamins, T., Williams, R.  Trends in Nanotechnology: Self-Assembly and Defect Tolerance.  NSF Partnership in Nanotechnology Conference, January 29-30, 2001, Pp. 1-6

83.  Kim, E., Whitesides, G.  The Use of Minimal Free Energy and Self-Assembly to Form Shapes.  Chemistry and Materials, Vol. 7, 1995, Pp. 1257-1260

84.  Nogami, J.  Self-Assembled Single Atom Wide Metal Lines on Si(001).  Atomic and Molecular Wires, Joachim, C., Roth, S., eds., NY: Kluver Academic, 1997, Pp. 11-21

85.  Odom, T., Huang, J., Kim, P., Lieber, C.  Atomic Structure and Electronic Properties of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes.  Nature, Vol. 391, 1998, Pp. 62-64

86.  Ouellette, J.  Exploiting Molecular Self-Assembly.  The Industrial Physicist, American Institute of Physics, December 2000, Pp. 26-29

87.  Schumm, J., Pearson, D., Tour, J. Iterative Divergent/Convergent Approach to Linear Conjugated Oligomers by Successive Doubling of the Molecular Length: A Rapid Route to a 128 A-Long Potential Molecular Wire. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., Vol. 33, 1994, Pp. 1360-1633

88.  Whitesides, G.  Self-Assembly Materials.  Scientific American, September 1995, Pp. 146-149

89.  Whitesides, G. M.  Self Assembly and Nanotechnology.  Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 1995

90.  Whitesides, G., Mathias, J., Seto, C.  Molecular Self-Assembly and Nanochemistry: A Chemical Strategy for the Synthesis of Nanostructures.  Science, Vol. 29, November 1991, Pp. 1312-1218

91.  Wildoer, J. Venema, L. Rinzler, A. Smalley, R. Dekker, C.  Electronic Structure of Atomically Resolved Carbon Nanotubes.  Nature, Vol. 391, 1998, Pp. 59-62

92.  Zhirnov, V., Herr, J. New Frontiers:  Self-Assembly and Nanoelectronics.  Computer, Jan 2001, Pp. 34-43

93.  Zhou, C., Deshpande, M., Reed, M., Tour, J. Nanoscale Metal/Self-Assembled Monolayer/Metal Heterostructures. Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 71, 1997, p. 611-613

94.  Albrecht, A. Some Remarks on Quantum Coherence. Blackett Lab, Imperial College, London, December 1993

95.  Hameroff, S.  Quantum Coherence as Microtubules: A Neural Basis for Emergent Consciousness?  Journal of Consciousness Studies, Vol. 1, 1994, Pp. 98-118

96.  Hameroff, S. R.  The Debate on Decoherence-Biological Feasibility of Quantum States in the Brain.  2002, Internet address: www.consciousness.arizona.edu/hameroff/papers/decoherence/decoherence.html

97.  King, C.  Quantum Mechanics, Chaos and the Conscious Brain.  The Journal of Mind and Behavior, University of Auckland, 1997, Pp. 155-170

98.  Lenhert, S.  Quantum Biology.  Quanteq, LLC, June 25, 2000, Internet address: www.nanoword.net/library/weekly/aa062500a.htm

99.  Zukav, G.  The Dancing Wu Li Masters: An Overview of the New Physics.  NY:  Bantam Books, August 1980

100.          Hameroff, S.  Quantum Computation in Brain Microtubules? The Penrose-Hameroff "Orch OR" Model of Consciousness.  Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London, Vol. 356, 1998, Pp. 1869-1896

101.          Hameroff, S.  What is Consciousness - 2 Microtubules.  2000, Internet address: www.consciousness.arizona.edu/hameroff/slide%20show/slideshow_2.htm

102.          Hameroff, S.  What is Consciousness - 5 Roger Penrose's 'Objective Reduction' OR.  2000, Internet address: www.consciousness.arizona.edu/hameroff/slide%20show/slideshow_5.htm

103.          Hameroff, S., Penrose, R.  Orchestrated Objective Reduction of Quantum Coherence in Brain Microtubules: The "Orch OR" Model for Consciousness.  Section in Toward a Science of Consciousness - The First Tucson Discussions and Debates.  Hameroff, S. R., Kaszniak, A. W., and Scott, A. C. (editors), Cambridge, MA:  MIT Press, Pp 507-540, 1996, Internet address: www.consciousness.arizona.edu/hameroff/or.html

104.          Jeans, J.  The Mysterious Universe.  NY: The Macmillan Company, 1931

105.          Lotka, A.  Elements of Mathematical Biology.  NY: Dover Publications, June 1957

106.          Nanopoulos, D.  Theory of Brain Function, Quantum Mechanics and Superstrings.  Los Alamos National Laboratory, Sandia, NM, 1995

107.          Penrose, R.  Shadows of the Mind:  A Search for the Missing Science of Consciousness.  Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994

108.          Penrose, R., "The Emperor's New Mind," Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989

109.          Quantum Consciousness, Theories of.  Dictionary of Philosophy of Mind-Quantum Consciousness, Internet address: www.artsci.wustl.edu/!philos/MindDict/quantum.html

110.          Smith, T.  Quantum Consciousness.  Internet address: www.innerx.net/personal/tsmith/QuanCon.html

111.          Hameroff, S.  What is Consciousness- 7 Microtubule Quantum Automata - The 'Orch OR' Model.  2000, Internet address: www.consciousness.arizona.edu/hameroff/slide%20show/slideshow_7.htm

112.          Barry, R.  Sentience: The Next Moral Dilemma.  January 2001, Internet address: news.zdnet.co.uk/story/

113.          Bonin, G.  Brain-Weight and Body-Weight of Mammals.  Journal of General Psychology, Vol. 16, 1937, Pp. 379 - 389

114.          Bradt, S.  School for Serpents.  Rochester Review, Vol. 61 N 2 Features, University of Rochester, New York, 1998

115.          Bshary, R., Wickler, W., Fricke, H.  Fish Cognition: A Primate's Eye View.  Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 2001

116.          Crick, F., Koch, C.  Consciousness and Neuroscience.  Cerebral Cortex, March 1998, Pp. 97-107, Internet address: www.klab.caltech.edu/~koch/crick-koch-cc-97

117.          Heinz S., Beron G., Frahm H.  Comparative Size of Brains and Brain Components.  Neurosciences, Vol. 4, 1988, Pp. 1-38

118.          Hunt, G.  Manufacture and Use of Hook-Tools by New Caledonian Crows.  Nature, Vol. 379, January 18, 1996

119.          James, W. The Principles of Psychology.  NY: Henry Holt, 1890; Reprinted by Bristol:  Thoemmes Press, 1999

120.          Macphail, E.  Brain and Intelligence in Vertebrates.  Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982

121.          Patterson, F., Linden, E.  The Education of Koko.  NY: Holt, Rinehart and Wilson, 1985

122.          Savage, C.  Bird  Brains: The Intelligence of Crows, Ravens, Magpies, and Jays.  San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1995

123.          Stephen, H., Baron, G., Frahm, H.  Comparative Size of Brains and Brain Components.  Comparative Primate Biology, Neurosciences, Vol 4, 1988, Pp. 1-38

124.          Atkinson, R. D., Court, R. H.  More Businesses on the Net.  PPI Technology Project, Section 3, p. 04, 1999, Internet address: www.neweconomyindex.org/section3_page04.html

125.          Atkinson, R. D., Court, R. H.  New Economy Outcomes: Impacts on Americans.  PPI Technology Project, Section 2 Introduction, 1999, Internet address: www.neweconomyindex.org/section2_intro.html

126.          Atkinson, R. D., Court, R. H.  The New Economic Order: Speed Is Becoming The Standard.  PPI Technology Project, Section 1, p. 10, 1999, Internet address: www.neweconomyindex.org/section1_page10.html

127.          Atkinson, R., Court, R.  The New Economy Index.  www.neweconomyindex.org

128.          Cappelli, P.  Change and Work  National Policy Assn., 1997

129.          Chase, V. D.  The Economics and Hurdles of Nanoelectronics Are Explored.  ASME News, October 2001, Internet address: www.asmenews.org/archives/backissues/oct01/features/congnano.html

130.          Smith, M. D.  Estimation of Future Manufacturing Costs for Nanoelectronics Technology.  May 1996

131.          Bostrom, N.  Ethics for Intelligent Machines: A Proposal.  2001, Internet address: www.nickbostrom.com/ethics/machines.html

132.          Broersma, M.  AI Gets Down to Business.  January 2001, Internet address: http://news.zdnet.co.uk/story/

133.          Champandard, A. J.  The Field of artificial Intelligence - Overview, Representation, Approaches, Branches, Summary.  Artificial Intelligence Depot, 2001-2002, Internet address: http://artificialintelligence.ai-depot.com/Definition/FieldAI

134.          Grebelsky, K., Lisin, D., Oks, S.  Artificial Intelligence: Should We, and If We Should, Then How?  Internet address: http://molmed.ummed.edu/~dal/mytexts/aipaper.html

135.          Humphrys, M.  AI is Possible ...But AI Won't Happen: The Future of Artificial Intelligence.  1997, Internet address: www.compapp.dcu.te/~humphrys/newsci.html

136.          Molik, P.  Artificial Intelligence As An Evolutionary Stage of Human Mind.  Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, Vol. 37, 1984, Pp. 414-419

137.          Snell, N. D.  Machine Learning: Why and How Explained.  University of Sunderland, 1997, Internet address: http://osiris.sunderland.ac.uk/cbowww/AI/TEXTS/ML2/index.htm

138.          Strong Artifical Intelligence and Consciousness.  Miami University, FL, Spring 2002, internet address: www.muohio.edu/psybersite/cyberspace/ai/strong.htx

139.          Mikulecky, D.  The Complexity of Nature.  Medical College of Virginia Commonwealth University,  Richmond, VA, Internet address:  http://views.vcu.edu/~miluleck/cmpxnat.html

140.          Mikulecky, D. C.  Robert Rosen: The Well Posed Question and Its Answer-Why Are Organisms Different From Machines?  Medical College of Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, Internet address: http://views.vcu.edu/~mikuleck/PRISS3.html

141.          Mikulecky, D. C.  The Ontology of Complexity.  Medical College of Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, Internet address: http:/views.vcu.edu/~mikuleck/ONTCMPX.html

142.          Girosi, F., Makhoul, G. F., Manolakos, E., Wilson, E.  A Self-Organizing System for the Development of Neural Network Parameter.  Texas University, Arlington, TX, 1995 IEEE Workshop, Cambridge, MA, 1995, Pp. 105-114

143.          Gleick, J. Chaos: Making a New Science. NY: Penguin Books, 1988

144.          Grover, W. D.  Self-Organizing Broad-Band Transport Networks.  Alberta Univ, Edmonton, Alta., Canada, IEEE Pages 1582-1611, October 1997, Internet address:  www.ieeexplore.ieee.org/search97/s97

145.          Holland, J.  From Chaos to Order.  Cambridge, MA:  Perseus Press, April 1999

146.          Lucas, C.  Attractors Everywhere - Order from Chaos.  April 2000, Internet address: ww.calresco.org/attract.htm

147.          Lucas, C.  Self-Organization & Entropy - The Terrible Twins.  April 2000, Internet address: www.claresco.org/extropy.htm

148.          Peterson, I.  Newton’s Clock: Chaos in the Solar System.  NY:  W. H. Freeman & Co., September 1993

149.          Prigogine, I., Stengers, I.  Order Out of Chaos: Man’s New Dialogue with Nature.  NY:  Bantam Books, April 1984

150.          Yuasa, H., Ito, M.  Self-Organizing System Theory By Use of Reaction-Diffusion Equation.  IEEE International Conference, Vol.1, Tokyo, Japan, Pp. 211-216, 1999, Internet address:  ieeecxplore.ieee.org/search97/s97

151.          Block, N.  Holism, Mental and Semantic.  Department of Philosophy, New York University, Internet address: www.nyu.edu/gsas/dept/philo/faculty/block/papers/MentalSemanticHolism.html

152.          Heil, J.  Holism.  Oxford University Press, 1995, Internet address: www.xrefer.com/entry/552324

153.          Holism and Nonseparability in Physics.  July 22, 1999, Internet address: http://plato.stanford.edu/entried/physics-holism/

154.          Holism and Nonseparability in Physics.  Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Internet address: http://plato.stanford.edu/entities/physics-holism/

155.          Stewart, I., Cohen, J.  Figments of Reality.  NY: Cambridge University Press, August 1997

156.          Brockman, J.  The Third Culture: Beyond the Scientific Revolutions.  NY: Simon and Schuster, 1995

157.          Miller, P.  Sociobiology and Reductionism. 13 Oct 1999, Internet address: http://www.physics.georgetown.edu/~miller/reduct.html

158.          Scerri, E.  Reductionist Physics.  Physics Education, Vol. 25, No. 3, 11990, p. 138

159.          Scerri, E.  The Failure of Reductionism and How to Press the Diversity of Science in Chemical Educators.  Science and Education, Vol. 9, 2000, Pp. 405-425

160.          Amin, S., A Self-Organized Traveling Salesman, Neural Computing and Applications, Vol. 2, 1994, Pp. 129-133

161.          Gottesman, D.  Quantum Computers.  October 29, 1997, Internet address: qso.1an1.gov/~gottesma/Qcomputers.html

162.          Hagan, S., Hameroff, S. R., Tuszynski, J. A.  Quantum Computation in Brain Microtubules:  Decoherence and Biological Feasibility.  The American Physical Society, 10 June 2002

163.          Hameroff, S.  What is Consciousness - 6. Are Proteins Qubits?  2000, Internet address: www.consciousness.arizona.edu/hameroff/slide%20show/slideshow_6.htm

164.          Shor, P.  Algorithms for Quantum Computation:  Discrete Logarithms and Factoring.  Proceedings of the 35th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science, IEEE Computer Society Press, 1994

165.          West, J.  The Quantum Computer. 28 April 2000, Internet address: http://www.cs.caltech.edu/~westside/quantum-intro.html,

166.          Allen, C.  Animal Consciousness.  Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2001, Internet address: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/consciousness-animal

167.          Baars, B. J.  Why It Must Be Consciousness - Real!  Berkeley, CA, Internet address: www.phil.vt.edu/ASSC.newman/baars.html

168.          Block, N., Flanagan, O., Guzeldere, G (editors).  The Nature of Consciousness: Philosophical Debates.  Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, October 1997

169.          Block, N., Flanagan, O., Guzeldere, G (editors).  The Nature of Consciousness:  Philosophical Debates.  Cambridge, MA:  MIT Press, October 1997

170.          Chalmers, D.  The Conscious Mind: In Search of a Fundamental Theory.  NY: Oxford University Press, 1996

171.          Chase, M.  The Matriculating Brain.  Psychology Today, Vol. 7, 1973, Pp. 82-87 

172.          Churchland, P.  Matter and Consciousness.  Cambridge MA: The MIT Press, 1990

173.          Dennett, D., Consciousness Explained.  Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company, 1991

174.          Edelman, G.  Bright Air, Brilliant Fire:  On the Matter of the Mind.  NY:  Basic Books, May 1993

175.          Edelman, G.  The Remembered Present: A Biological Theory of Consciousness. NY: Basic Books, 1989

176.          Edelman, G., Giulio, T.  A Universe of Consciousness:  How Matter Becomes Imagination.  NY:  Basic Books, March 2000

177.          Everitt, B. Cluster Analysis.  NY: Halsted Press, 1993

178.          Finger, S.  Origins of Neuroscience.  NY: Oxford University Press, 1994

179.          Grace, A. A.  Thalamocortical Aspects of Consciousness From The Perspective of A Neurobiologist,  University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, Internet address: www.phil.vt.edu/ASSC/newman/grace.html

180.          Journal of Consciousness Studies.  Vol. 9, No. 8, August 2002, Internet address: www.imprint.co.uk/jcs.html

181.          Llinas, R.  I of the Vortex.  Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2001

182.          Llinas, R., Pare, D.  Of Dreaming and Wakefulness.  Neuroscience, Vol. 44, 1991, Pp. 521-535

183.          McCrone, J.  Going Inside: A Tour Round a Single Moment of Consciousness.  NY: Fromm International, 2001

184.          Metzinger, T.  Conscious Experience.  Exeter, UK: Imprint Academic, November 1996

185.          Seager, W.  Theories of Consciousness:  An Introduction and Assessment.  New York, NY:  Routledge, April 1999

186.          Seager, W.  Theories of Consciousness: An Introduction and Assessment.  New York, NY: Routledge, April 1999

187.          Searle, J.  Minds, Brains and Science.  Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, March 1986

188.          Searle, J.  The Rediscovery of the Mind.  Cambridge, MA: Bradford Books, March 1994

189.          Searle, J., Dennett, D., Chalmers, D.  The Mystery of Consciousness.  New York, NY: New York Review of Books, September 1997

190.          Searle, J., Dennett, D., Chalmers, D.  The Mystery of Consciousness.  New York, NY: New York Review of Books, September 1997

191.          Shear, J.  Explaining Consciousness: The Hard Problem.  Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, February 1999

192.          The Future of Consciousness Studies.  Journal of Consciousness Studies, Vol. 4, No. 5-6, 1997, Pp. 385-388, Internet address: www.imprint.co.uk/editor.htm

193.          Tononi, G., Edelman, G.  Consciousness and the Integration of Information in the Brain.  Chapter 17 of Consciousness: At the Frontier of Neuroscience, Advances in Neurology.  Edited by Jasper, H., Descarries, L., Castellucci, V., Rossignol, S., Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott-Raven Publishers, Vol. 77, 1998, p 245-280

 

Chapter 2

 

1.      Feynman, R.  There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom.  Engineering and Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, February 1960

 

2.      Drexler, K. E.  Engines of Creation.  Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, October 16, 1987

 

3.      Cetro, M., Davies, O.  Probable Tomorrows:  How Science and Technology Will Transform Our Lives in the Next Twenty Years.  New York, NY:  St. Martins Press, June 1997

 

4.      Crandel, B. (editor).  Nanotechnology:  Molecular Speculations on Global Abundance.  Cambridge, MA:  MIT Press, August 1996

 

5.      Griffiths, S.  Predictions:  Thirty Great Minds on the Future.  Oxford, UK:  Oxford University Press, May 2000

 

6.      Lewis, J. (editor), Crandel, B. (editor).  Nanotechnology:  Research and Perspectives.  Cambridge, MA:  MIT Press, December 23, 1992

 

7.      Regis, E., Chimsky, M. (editor).  Nano: The Emerging Science of Nanotechnology.  New York, NY:  Little Brown and Co., July 1996

 

8.      About Jack.  Texas Instruments, 2001, Internet address: www.ti.com/corp/docs/kilbyctr/ jackstclair.shtml, and www.ti.com/corp/docs/kilbyctr/jackbuilt.shtml

 

9.      Reed, M., Tour, J. Computing With Molecules. Scientific American, June 2000

 

10.  Raymond, E.  The New Hacker’s Dictionary. Cambridge: The MIT Press, Third Edition, 1998, p. 310

 

11.  </